SEC Filing | Donegal Group Inc.

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2024

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to .

Commission file number 0-15341

Donegal Group Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware	23-2424711
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1195 River Road, P.O. Box 302, Marietta, PA 17547

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)

(717) 426-1931

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not applicable

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☑	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbols	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered

Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value	DGICA	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value	DGICB	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 28,318,895 shares of Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 5,576,775 shares of Class B Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding on November 1, 2024.

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-Q REPORT

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	1
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	33
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	34

PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	35
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	35
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	35
Item 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	35
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	35
Item 5.	Other Information	35
Item 6.	Exhibits	36
Signatures		37

Index

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.

Financial Statements

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

	September 30, 2024			December 31, 2023
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $1,483,475 and $1,325,847)	$	694,662,557		$	679,497,038
Available for sale, at fair value		622,840,325			589,348,243
Equity securities, at fair value		35,957,068			25,902,956
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value		15,804,785			32,305,408
Total investments		1,369,264,735			1,327,053,645
Cash		28,650,774			23,792,273
Accrued investment income		10,810,293			9,945,714
Premiums receivable		194,253,985			179,591,821
Reinsurance receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of $942,804 and $1,394,074)		434,077,660			441,431,334
Deferred policy acquisition costs		78,484,456			75,043,404
Deferred tax asset, net		16,287,979			19,532,525
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		185,363,903			168,724,465
Property and equipment, net		2,517,163			2,633,405
Accounts receivable - securities		—			1,501,079
Federal income taxes recoverable		2,375,684			8,102,321
Due from affiliate		17,399,612			1,907,527
Goodwill		5,625,354			5,625,354
Other intangible assets		958,010			958,010
Other		56,421			451,011
Total assets	$	2,346,126,029		$	2,266,293,888
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	$	1,134,852,442		$	1,126,156,838
Unearned premiums		646,870,410			599,411,468
Accrued expenses		2,987,398			3,946,974
Reinsurance balances payable		3,389,828			8,758,976
Borrowings under lines of credit		35,000,000			35,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders		—			5,569,992
Other		9,655,905			7,704,286
Total liabilities		1,832,755,983			1,786,548,534
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued		—			—
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 50,000,000 shares, issued 31,154,488 and 30,764,555 shares and outstanding 28,151,900 and 27,761,967 shares		311,545			307,646
Class B common stock, $0.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares		56,492			56,492
Additional paid-in capital		342,186,402			335,694,478
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(20,951,289	)		(32,881,822	)
Retained earnings		232,993,253			217,794,917
Treasury stock, at cost		(41,226,357	)		(41,226,357	)
Total stockholders’ equity		513,370,046			479,745,354
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,346,126,029		$	2,266,293,888

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	237,957,051	$	224,392,849
Investment income, net of investment expenses		10,826,991		10,536,488
Net investment gains (losses) (includes ($69,478) and ($237,611) accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		1,875,466		(1,242,521	)
Lease income		77,335		85,663
Installment payment fees		1,000,702		155,771
Total revenues		251,737,545		233,928,250
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		146,425,777		156,683,024
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		40,200,000		39,332,000
Other underwriting expenses		41,827,018		37,155,385
Policyholder dividends		1,006,645		1,399,310
Interest		367,583		156,318
Other expenses, net		1,499,217		207,127
Total expenses		231,326,240		234,933,164
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)		20,411,305		(1,004,914	)
Income tax expense (benefit) (includes $14,590 and $49,898 income tax benefit from reclassification items)		3,659,775		(199,613	)
Net income (loss)	$	16,751,530	$	(805,301	)
Net income (loss) per share:
Class A common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.51	$	(0.02	)
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.46	$	(0.02	)

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Net income (loss)	$	16,751,530	$	(805,301	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:
Unrealized holding gain (loss) during the period, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $3,682,547 and ($1,992,787)		13,853,387		(8,085,494	)
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (loss), net of income tax benefit of $14,590 and $49,898		54,888		187,713
Other comprehensive income (loss)		13,908,275		(7,897,781	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	30,659,805	$	(8,703,082	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	700,016,877	$	655,886,046
Investment income, net of investment expenses		32,867,817		30,143,025
Net investment gains (includes ($65,121) and ($2,289,648) accumulated other comprehensive income reclassifications)		4,725,513		930,302
Lease income		236,662		261,718
Installment payment fees		1,804,091		648,849
Total revenues		739,650,960		687,869,940
Expenses:
Net losses and loss expenses		462,682,511		446,023,609
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		120,458,000		115,065,000
Other underwriting expenses		117,604,295		113,715,159
Policyholder dividends		3,247,853		4,088,288
Interest		676,766		463,911
Other expenses, net		2,309,392		968,976
Total expenses		706,978,817		680,324,943
Income before income tax expense		32,672,143		7,544,997
Income tax expense (includes $13,675 and $480,826 income tax benefit from reclassification items)		5,812,285		1,149,279
Net income	$	26,859,858	$	6,395,718
Net income per share:
Class A common stock - basic	$	0.82	$	0.20
Class A common stock - diluted	$	0.81	$	0.20
Class B common stock - basic and diluted	$	0.74	$	0.17

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023
Net income	$	26,859,858	$	6,395,718
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax
Unrealized gain (loss) on securities:
Unrealized holding gain (loss) during the period, net of income tax expense (benefit) of $3,157,722 and ($3,353,482)		11,879,087		(13,204,298	)
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income, net of income tax benefit of $13,675 and $480,826		51,446		1,808,822
Other comprehensive income (loss)		11,930,533		(11,395,476	)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	38,790,391	$	(4,999,758	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2023		30,764,555		5,649,240	$	307,646	$	56,492	$	335,694,478	$	(32,881,822	)	$	217,794,917		$	(41,226,357	)	$	479,745,354
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		38,287		—		383		—		472,740		—			—			—			473,123
Share-based compensation		16,400		—		164		—		522,460		—			—			—			522,624
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			5,955,551			—			5,955,551
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(8,888	)		—			(8,888	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		128,267		—			(128,267	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(1,601,290	)		—			—			(1,601,290	)
Balance, March 31, 2024		30,819,242		5,649,240	$	308,193	$	56,492	$	336,817,945	$	(34,483,112	)	$	223,613,313		$	(41,226,357	)	$	485,086,474
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		43,428		—		434		—		604,562		—			—			—			604,996
Share-based compensation		—		—		—		—		278,337		—			—			—			278,337
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			4,152,777			—			4,152,777
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,670,265	)		—			(5,670,265	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		72,106		—			(72,106	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(376,452	)		—			—			(376,452	)
Balance, June 30, 2024		30,862,670		5,649,240	$	308,627	$	56,492	$	337,772,950	$	(34,859,564	)	$	222,023,719		$	(41,226,357	)	$	484,075,867
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		33,899		—		339		—		370,784		—			—			—			371,123
Share-based compensation		257,919		—		2,579		—		3,939,010		—			—			—			3,941,589
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			16,751,530			—			16,751,530
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,678,338	)		—			(5,678,338	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		103,658		—			(103,658	)		—			—
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		13,908,275			—			—			13,908,275
Balance, September 30, 2024		31,154,488		5,649,240	$	311,545	$	56,492	$	342,186,402	$	(20,951,289	)	$	232,993,253		$	(41,226,357	)	$	513,370,046

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, December 31, 2022		30,120,263		5,649,240	$	301,203	$	56,492	$	325,601,647	$	(41,703,747	)	$	240,563,774		$	(41,226,357	)	$	483,593,012
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		35,045		—		350		—		440,746		—			—			—			441,096
Share-based compensation		143,004		—		1,431		—		2,218,355		—			—			—			2,219,786
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			5,203,596			—			5,203,596
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(7,057	)		—			(7,057	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		114,724		—			(114,724	)		—			—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated guidance for credit losses at January 1, 2023		—		—		—		—		—		—			(1,895,902	)		—			(1,895,902	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—		—		—		4,007,638			—			—			4,007,638
Balance, March 31, 2023		30,298,312		5,649,240	$	302,984	$	56,492	$	328,375,472	$	(37,696,109	)	$	243,749,687		$	(41,226,357	)	$	493,562,169
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		44,664		—		447		—		668,933		—			—			—			669,380
Share-based compensation		195,893		—		1,958		—		2,966,842		—			—			—			2,968,800
Net income		—		—		—		—		—		—			1,997,423			—			1,997,423
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,498,873	)		—			(5,498,873	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		61,749		—			(61,749	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(7,505,333	)		—			—			(7,505,333	)
Balance, June 30, 2023		30,538,869		5,649,240	$	305,389	$	56,492	$	332,072,996	$	(45,201,442	)	$	240,186,488		$	(41,226,357	)	$	486,193,566
Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		28,912		—		289		—		354,337		—			—			—			354,626
Share-based compensation		61,855		—		619		—		1,030,458		—			—			—			1,031,077
Net loss		—		—		—		—		—		—			(805,301	)		—			(805,301	)
Cash dividends declared		—		—		—		—		—		—			(5,536,609	)		—			(5,536,609	)
Grant of stock options		—		—		—		—		101,472		—			(101,472	)		—			—
Reclassification of held to maturity transfer		—		—		—		—		—		2,803,902			(2,803,902	)		—			—
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—		—		(7,897,781	)		—			—			(7,897,781	)
Balance, September 30, 2023		30,629,636		5,649,240	$	306,297	$	56,492	$	333,559,263	$	(50,295,321	)	$	230,939,204		$	(41,226,357	)	$	473,339,578

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	26,859,858		$	6,395,718
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items		2,877,843			3,215,399
Net investment gains		(4,725,513	)		(930,302	)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses		8,695,604			(7,691,440	)
Unearned premiums		47,458,942			39,672,853
Premiums receivable		(14,662,164	)		(14,787,307	)
Deferred acquisition costs		(3,441,052	)		(4,750,766	)
Deferred income taxes		73,149			600,019
Reinsurance receivable		7,353,674			17,501,773
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(16,639,438	)		(12,555,645	)
Accrued investment income		(864,579	)		(1,615,715	)
Due from affiliate		(15,492,085	)		(3,983,806	)
Reinsurance balances payable		(5,369,148	)		3,958,666
Current income taxes		5,726,637			536,759
Accrued expenses		(959,576	)		(119,166	)
Other, net		2,346,248			580,936
Net adjustments		12,378,542			19,632,258
Net cash provided by operating activities		39,238,400			26,027,976
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities, held to maturity		(38,788,763	)		(25,226,609	)
Purchases of fixed maturities, available for sale		(103,059,218	)		(131,155,483	)
Purchases of equity securities, available for sale		(6,680,114	)		(5,128,994	)
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity		23,520,685			29,144,970
Available for sale		80,297,679			41,318,216
Sales of fixed maturities:
Available for sale		3,943,799			28,154,556
Sales of equity securities, available for sale		1,574,265			8,080,764
Net purchases of property and equipment		—			(44,701	)
Net sales of short-term investments		16,500,623			36,950,560
Net cash used in investing activities		(22,691,044	)		(17,906,721	)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Cash dividends paid		(16,927,483	)		(16,339,529	)
Issuance of common stock		5,238,628			6,813,772
Net cash used in financing activities		(11,688,855	)		(9,525,757	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash		4,858,501			(1,404,502	)
Cash at beginning of period		23,792,273			25,123,332
Cash at end of period	$	28,650,774		$	23,718,830

Cash paid during period - Interest	$	632,363		$	463,911
Net cash paid during period - Taxes	$	—		$	—

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Index

DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Unaudited)

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1 -	Organization

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries are Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary Peninsula Indemnity Company, and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”). Our insurance subsidiaries and their affiliates write commercial and personal lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, Southern and Southwestern states.

At September 30, 2024, we had three segments: our investment function, our commercial lines of insurance and our personal lines of insurance. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies.

At September 30, 2024, Donegal Mutual held approximately 44% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 84% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 71% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a proportional reinsurance agreement (the “pooling agreement”) with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States contribute substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the underwriting pool, and the underwriting pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then allocates 80% of the pooled business to Atlantic States. Thus, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results of the pooled business in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

In addition, Donegal Mutual has 100% quota-share reinsurance agreements with Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from these companies into the underwriting pool.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues.

Index

2 -	Basis of Presentation

Our financial information for the interim periods included in this Form 10-Q Report is unaudited; however, our financial information we include in this Form 10-Q Report reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of our management, are necessary for a fair presentation of our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for those interim periods. Our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations we expect for the year ending December 31, 2024.

We recommend you read the interim financial statements we include in this Form 10-Q Report in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 6, 2024.

3 -	Net Income Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. Our certificate of incorporation provides that whenever our board of directors declares a dividend on our Class B common stock, our board of directors shall simultaneously declare a dividend on our Class A common stock that is payable to the holders of our Class A common stock at the same time and as of the same record date at a rate that is at least 10% greater than the rate at which our board of directors declared a dividend on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method to compute our net income per share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines net income per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends we have declared and an allocation of our remaining undistributed net income using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class. The table below presents for the periods indicated a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used to compute basic and diluted net income per share for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024				2023
	Class A		Class B		Class A			Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	14,189	$	2,563	$	(671	)	$	(134	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,978		5,577		27,595			5,577
Basic net income (loss) per share	$	0.51	$	0.46	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)

Diluted net income (loss) per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income (loss)	$	14,189	$	2,563	$	(671	)	$	(134	)
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,978		5,577		27,595			5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		80		—		—			—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		28,058		5,577		27,595			5,577
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	0.51	$	0.46	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)

Index

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024				2023
	Class A		Class B		Class A		Class B
	(in thousands, except per share data)
Basic net income per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	22,746	$	4,114	$	5,421	$	975
Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		27,879		5,577		27,391		5,577
Basic net income per share	$	0.82	$	0.74	$	0.20	$	0.17

Diluted net income per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	22,746	$	4,114	$	5,421	$	975
Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		27,879		5,577		27,391		5,577
Weighted-average shares effect of dilutive securities:
Director and employee stock options		38		—		117		—
Number of shares used in diluted computation		27,917		5,577		27,508		5,577
Diluted net income per share	$	0.81	$	0.74	$	0.20	$	0.17

We did not include outstanding options to purchase the following number of shares of Class A common stock in our computation of diluted net income per share because the exercise price of the options exceeded the average market price of our Class A common stock during the applicable periods.

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Number of options to purchase Class A shares excluded		866,839		—		880,839		2,245,435

We did not include any effect of dilutive securities in the computation of diluted net loss per share for the three months ended September 30, 2023 because we sustained a net loss for the period.

4 -	Reinsurance

Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual have participated in a pooling agreement since 1986 under which they pool substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses, and Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual then share the underwriting results of the pool in accordance with the terms of the pooling agreement. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual participate in a consolidated third-party reinsurance program. The coverage and parameters of the program are common to all of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The program utilizes several different reinsurers. They require their reinsurers to maintain an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The following information describes the external reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have in place for 2024:

•

excess of loss reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover losses over a set retention of $3.0 million for all losses other than property and a set retention of $4.0 million for property losses; and

•

catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $25.0 million up to aggregate losses of $175.0 million per occurrence.

Index

For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $36.0 million per loss over a set retention of $4.0 million. For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $72.0 million per occurrence over a set retention of $3.0 million. For workers’ compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss reinsurance that provides coverage of $17.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $3.0 million.

In addition to the pooling agreement and third-party reinsurance, our insurance subsidiaries have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual, under which each of our insurance subsidiaries recovers 100% of an accumulation of multiple losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention of $3.0 million up to aggregate losses of $22.0 million per occurrence. The agreement also provides additional coverage for an accumulation of losses from a single event including a combination of our insurance subsidiaries over a combined retention of $6.0 million. The purpose of the agreement is to lessen the effects of an accumulation of losses arising from one event to levels that are appropriate given each subsidiary’s size, underwriting profile and surplus.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover certain exposures, including property exposures that exceeded the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

In order to write automobile insurance in the state of Michigan, Atlantic States, MICO and Peninsula are required to be members of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association (“MCCA”). The MCCA provides reinsurance to Atlantic States, MICO and Peninsula for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims in the state of Michigan over a set retention.

We report reinsurance receivable net of an allowance for expected credit losses. We base the allowance upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We use a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses.

5 -	Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2024 were as follows:

	Carrying Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	88,941	$	53	$	88,994	$	109	$	6,554	$	82,549
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		374,231		267		374,498		1,487		41,220		334,765
Corporate securities		219,807		1,156		220,963		1,477		9,254		213,186
Mortgage-backed securities		11,684		7		11,691		69		214		11,546
Totals	$	694,663	$	1,483	$	696,146	$	3,142	$	57,242	$	642,046

Index

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	87,106	$	458	$	2,895	$	84,669
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		41,761		12		3,231		38,542
Corporate securities		214,243		586		8,420		206,409
Mortgage-backed securities		305,157		1,590		13,527		293,220
Totals	$	648,267	$	2,646	$	28,073	$	622,840

At September 30, 2024, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $237.2 million and an amortized cost of $266.1 million. Our holdings at September 30, 2024 also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $136.1 million and an amortized cost of $150.2 million. With respect to both categories of those bonds at September 30, 2024, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of our holdings of either bond category. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 42% and 34%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on the carrying values of these investments at September 30, 2024. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at September 30, 2024 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Carrying Value		Allowance for Credit Losses		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to Maturity
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	91,518	$	54	$	91,572	$	—	$	8,885	$	82,687
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		376,898		266		377,164		1,449		46,845		331,768
Corporate securities		201,847		1,000		202,847		207		14,805		188,249
Mortgage-backed securities		9,234		6		9,240		—		418		8,822
Totals	$	679,497	$	1,326	$	680,823	$	1,656	$	70,953	$	611,526

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Available for Sale
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	89,367	$	199	$	4,147	$	85,419
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		41,958		12		3,854		38,116
Corporate securities		211,882		100		15,189		196,793
Mortgage-backed securities		286,520		594		18,094		269,020
Totals	$	629,727	$	905	$	41,284	$	589,348

At December 31, 2023, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $245.1 million and an amortized cost of $278.3 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $124.8 million and an amortized cost of $140.8 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2023. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 47% and 35%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2023. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2023 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

Index

We have segregated within accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We are amortizing this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. We recorded amortization of $149,274 and $225,070 in other comprehensive income (loss) during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, net unrealized losses of $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive loss.

We show below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of our fixed maturities at September 30, 2024 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	23,102	$	22,943
Due after one year through five years		122,463		118,938
Due after five years through ten years		248,220		235,092
Due after ten years		290,670		253,527
Mortgage-backed securities		11,691		11,546
Total held to maturity	$	696,146	$	642,046

Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	39,282	$	39,006
Due after one year through five years		169,241		163,622
Due after five years through ten years		110,351		105,091
Due after ten years		24,236		21,901
Mortgage-backed securities		305,157		293,220
Total available for sale	$	648,267	$	622,840

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at September 30, 2024 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	23,951	$	12,006	$	—	$	35,957

The cost and estimated fair values of our equity securities at December 31, 2023 were as follows:

	Cost		Gross Gains		Gross Losses		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Equity securities	$	18,844	$	7,059	$	—	$	25,903

Index

We present below gross gains and losses from investments and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Gross realized gains:
Fixed maturities	$	69		$	—		$	74		$	295
Equity securities		72			108			72			393
		141			108			146			688
Gross realized losses:
Fixed maturities		139			237			139			2,585
Equity securities		71			424			71			475
		210			661			210			3,060
Net realized losses		(69	)		(553	)		(64	)		(2,372	)
Gross unrealized gains on equity securities		2,073			(735	)		4,947			3,940
Gross unrealized losses on equity securities		—			80			—			(547	)
Fixed maturities - credit impairment charges		(129	)		(35	)		(157	)		(91	)
Net investment gains (losses)	$	1,875		$	(1,243	)	$	4,726		$	930

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses at September 30, 2024 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	2,498	$	2	$	119,191	$	9,447
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		2,854		40		308,534		44,411
Corporate securities		8,796		202		331,624		17,472
Mortgage-backed securities		5,970		17		164,487		13,724
Totals	$	20,118	$	261	$	923,836	$	85,054

We held fixed maturities with unrealized losses at December 31, 2023 as follows:

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	32,224	$	217	$	116,538	$	12,815
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		13,097		68		307,429		50,631
Corporate securities		13,066		324		353,863		29,670
Mortgage-backed securities		46,964		221		178,113		18,291
Totals	$	105,351	$	830	$	955,943	$	111,407

Index

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and, as applicable, the recognition of declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we measure investments at fair value, and we recognize changes in fair value in our results of operations. With respect to an available-for-sale debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred with respect to that security. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we establish an allowance for credit loss. We then recognize the amount of the allowance in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. We regularly review the allowance for credit losses and recognize changes in the allowance in our results of operations. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, issuer or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather that monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations. We held 803 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at September 30, 2024. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts on mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

Index

6 -	Segment Information

We evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries using statutory accounting principles (“SAP”) that various state insurance departments prescribe or permit. Our management uses SAP to measure the performance of our insurance subsidiaries instead of United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because they include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude.

Financial data by segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	136,401		$	135,432
Personal lines		101,556			88,961
GAAP premiums earned		237,957			224,393
Net investment income		10,827			10,536
Investment gains (losses)		1,875			(1,243	)
Other		1,078			242
Total revenues	$	251,737		$	233,928
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit):
Underwriting gain (loss):
Commercial lines	$	17,435		$	9,957
Personal lines		(6,890	)		(20,016	)
SAP underwriting gain (loss)		10,545			(10,059	)
GAAP adjustments		(2,047	)		(118	)
GAAP underwriting gain (loss)		8,498			(10,177	)
Net investment income		10,827			10,536
Investment gains (losses)		1,875			(1,243	)
Other		(789	)		(121	)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	$	20,411		$	(1,005	)

Index

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	402,982		$	399,427
Personal lines		297,035			256,459
GAAP premiums earned		700,017			655,886
Net investment income		32,868			30,143
Investment gains		4,726			930
Other		2,040			911
Total revenues	$	739,651		$	687,870
Income before income tax expense:
Underwriting loss:
Commercial lines	$	(2,255	)	$	(4,024	)
Personal lines		(7,827	)		(24,950	)
SAP underwriting loss		(10,082	)		(28,974	)
GAAP adjustments		6,106			5,968
GAAP underwriting loss		(3,976	)		(23,006	)
Net investment income		32,868			30,143
Investment gains		4,726			930
Other		(946	)		(522	)
Income before income tax expense	$	32,672		$	7,545

7 -	Borrowings

Lines of Credit

In August 2020, we entered into a credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) that related to a $20.0 million unsecured demand line of credit. The line of credit has no expiration date, no annual fees and no covenants. At September 30, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings from M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%.

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. Atlantic States has a fixed-rate cash advance of $35.0 million that was outstanding at September 30, 2024. The cash advance carries a fixed interest rate of 3.81% and is due in September 2026. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Pittsburgh stock Atlantic States purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to Atlantic States’ membership in the FHLB of Pittsburgh at September 30, 2024.

FHLB of Pittsburgh stock purchased and owned	$	1,605,000
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $43,441,287)		45,732,251
Borrowing capacity currently available		6,086,525

Index

8 -	Share–Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, and use a fair-value-based method for the recording of related compensation expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the dividend yield and the expected volatility.

We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $209,496 and $182,185 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $43,994 and $38,259, respectively. We recorded compensation expense related to our stock compensation plans of $773,834 and $683,439 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $162,505 and $143,522, respectively. At September 30, 2024, we had $1.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to nonvested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans that we expect to recognize over a weighted average period of approximately 1.5 years.

We received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans during the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 of $3.7 million and $848,891, respectively. We received cash from option exercises under our stock compensation plans during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 of $4.0 million and $5.5 million, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $35,339 and $13,501 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions related to those option exercises of $37,058 and $126,644 for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

9 -	Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of the inputs, or assumptions, we use in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 – directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Level 3 – unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly-traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services and include these investments in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify our fixed maturity investments and non-publicly traded equity securities as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies, obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that could be realized if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. These pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to verify that the estimates we obtain from the pricing services are representative of fair values based upon our investment personnel’s general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security types and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel periodically review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At September 30, 2024, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at September 30, 2024, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

Index

We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. We classify these items as Level 1.

The carrying values we report in our balance sheet for premium receivables, reinsurance receivables related to paid losses and loss expenses and reinsurance balances payable approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts we report in our balance sheets for our borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period.

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at September 30, 2024:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.government corporations and agencies	$	84,669	$	—	$	84,669	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		38,542		—		38,542		—
Corporate securities		206,409		—		206,409		—
Mortgage-backed securities		293,220		—		293,220		—
Equity securities		35,957		33,952		2,005		—
Total investments in the fair value hierarchy	$	658,797	$	33,952	$	624,845	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2023:

	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.government corporations and agencies	$	85,419	$	—	$	85,419	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		38,116		—		38,116		—
Corporate securities		196,793		—		196,793		—
Mortgage-backed securities		269,020		—		269,020		—
Equity securities		25,903		23,911		1,992		—
Totals	$	615,251	$	23,911	$	591,340	$	—

Index

10 -	Income Taxes

At September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, we had no material unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest and penalties. In 2019, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) began a federal income tax audit of our consolidated tax returns for tax years 2016 to 2018. No material issues have been raised and no adjustments have been proposed as a result of this ongoing audit. We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of our tax assets. We established a valuation allowance of $8.1 million for our net state operating loss carryforward, which will expire between 2024 and 2043. We have determined that we are not required to establish a valuation allowance for our other deferred tax assets of $36.5 million and $38.4 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, because it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and the implementation of tax planning strategies.

11 -	Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of appropriate liabilities for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liabilities for losses and loss expenses will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liabilities for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023
	(in thousands)
Balance at January 1	$	1,126,157		$	1,121,046
Less reinsurance recoverable		(437,014	)		(451,184	)
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses at January 1		—			1,132
Net balance at January 1		689,143			670,994
Incurred related to:
Current year		478,050			461,799
Prior years		(15,367	)		(15,775	)
Total incurred		462,683			446,024
Paid related to:
Current year		223,719			230,214
Prior years		222,165			204,842
Total paid		445,884			435,056
Net balance at end of period		705,942			681,962
Plus reinsurance recoverable		428,910			431,392
Balance at end of period	$	1,134,852		$	1,113,354

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized a decrease in their liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $15.4 million and $15.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2024 development represented 2.2% of the December 31, 2023 net carried reserves and resulted from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity primarily in the commercial multi-peril, commercial automobile, personal automobile and other lines of business. The majority of the 2024 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States. The 2023 development represented 2.4% of the December 31, 2022 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from lower-than-expected loss emergence or severity primarily in the commercial automobile, personal automobile and homeowners lines of business. The majority of the 2023 development related to decreases in the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and MICO.

Index

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider the material lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, the IBNR reserves of our insurance subsidiaries include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an ‘‘a priori,’’ or expected, loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies and before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method from which the actuaries select loss development factor assumptions. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of the estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns and economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date at which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to predict loss frequency accurately and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business.

12 -	Allowance for Expected Credit Losses

We make estimates with respect to the potential impairment of financial instruments and recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. We have established allowances for expected credit losses with respect to held-to-maturity debt securities and reinsurance receivable.

Index

Held-to-Maturity Fixed-Maturity Securities

For held-to-maturity debt securities, we make estimates concerning expected credit losses at an aggregated level rather than monitoring individual debt securities for credit losses. We establish an allowance for expected credit losses based on an ongoing review of securities held, historical loss data, changes in issuer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations.

The following table presents the balances for fixed maturities classified as held-to-maturity, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2024 and 2023 and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024				At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	690,580	$	1,354	$	685,402	$	1,324
Current period change for expected credit losses				129				35
Balance at end of period	$	694,663	$	1,483	$	683,912	$	1,359

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024				At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Held-to-Maturity, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	679,497	$	1,326	$	688,439	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses				—				1,268
Current period change for expected credit losses				157				91
Balance at end of period	$	694,663	$	1,483	$	683,912	$	1,359

Reinsurance Receivable

For reinsurance receivable, we establish an allowance for expected credit losses based upon our ongoing review of amounts outstanding, historical loss data, changes in reinsurer credit standing and other relevant factors. We utilize a probability-of-default methodology, which reflects current and forecasted economic conditions, to estimate the allowance for expected credit losses and recognize changes to the allowance in our results of operations.

Index

The following table presents the balances for reinsurance receivable, net of the allowance for expected credit losses, at September 30, 2024 and 2023, and the changes in the allowance for expected credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.

	At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2024				At and For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	440,858	$	932	$	460,681	$	1,567
Current period change for expected credit losses				11				38
Balance at end of period	$	434,078	$	943	$	437,889	$	1,605

	At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024					At and For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
	Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses			Reinsurance Receivable, Net of Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses
	(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period	$	441,431	$	1,394		$	456,522	$	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of updated accounting guidance for credit losses				—					1,132
Current period change for expected credit losses				(451	)				473
Balance at end of period	$	434,078	$	943		$	437,889	$	1,605

13 -	Impact of New Accounting Standards

In September 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amended previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of this guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that delayed the effective date for “smaller reporting companies,” as defined in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, to annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022 from December 15, 2019. We were a smaller reporting company at the time this guidance was issued, and our adoption of this guidance on January 1, 2023 resulted in an after-tax decrease in retained earnings of $1.9 million. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

Index

Item 2.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

We recommend that you read the following information in conjunction with the historical financial information and the footnotes to that financial information we include in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We also recommend you read Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present our financial statements on a consolidated basis in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”).

Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the liabilities of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance losses and loss expenses. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts of these liabilities may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current consolidated results of operations.

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances the insurer knows at that point in time. For example, legislative, judicial and regulatory actions may expand coverage definitions, retroactively mandate coverage or otherwise require our insurance subsidiaries to pay losses for damages that their policies explicitly excluded or did not intend to cover. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates for these liabilities. We reflect any adjustments to the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments to their estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor their liabilities closely and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses and loss expenses.

Index

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced an increase in claims severity and a lengthening of the claim settlement periods on bodily injury claims during the past several years. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic and related government mandates and restrictions resulted in various changes from historical claims reporting and settlement trends during 2020 and resulted in significant increases in loss costs in subsequent years due to a number of factors, including supply chain disruption, higher used automobile values, lengthening of repair completion times, increases in the cost of replacement automobile parts and rising labor rates. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include social inflation, availability and cost of building materials, availability of skilled labor, the rate of plaintiff attorney involvement in claims and the cost of medical technologies and procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries make adjustments in their reserves that they consider appropriate for such changes. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at September 30, 2024. At September 30, 2024, for every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $7.1 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses have exceeded their actual liabilities for losses and loss expenses. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received subsequent to the prior reporting period.

Excluding the impact of severe weather events and the COVID-19 pandemic, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years due to various factors such as rising inflation and increased litigation trends. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims and lengthening of repair completion times for property and automobile claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses.

Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes Atlantic States to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share proportionately any adverse loss development relating to the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a pro-rata share of the entire pool. Since the predominant percentage of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

Index

Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted of the following:

	September 30, 2024		December 31, 2023
	(in thousands)
Commercial lines:
Automobile	$	175,373	$	168,749
Workers’ compensation		127,258		122,473
Commercial multi-peril		212,329		217,292
Other		30,055		27,167
Total commercial lines		545,015		535,681
Personal lines:
Automobile		112,453		112,509
Homeowners		35,438		28,001
Other		13,036		12,952
Total personal lines		160,927		153,462
Total commercial and personal lines		705,942		689,143
Plus reinsurance recoverable		428,910		437,014
Total liabilities for losses and loss expenses	$	1,134,852	$	1,126,157

We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident-year development by line of business and applied those changes to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves as a whole. The range we selected does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most likely scenario. The following table sets forth the estimated effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we considered in establishing the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries:

Index

Percentage Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at September 30, 2024		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at September 30, 2024(1)		Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2023		Percentage Change in Stockholders’ Equity at December 31, 2023(1)
(dollars in thousands)
(10.0)%	$	635,348		10.9%	$	620,229		11.3%
(7.5)		652,996		8.1		637,457		8.5
(5.0)		670,645		5.4		654,686		5.7
(2.5)		688,293		2.7		671,914		2.8
Base		705,942		—		689,143		—
2.5		723,591		(2.7)		706,372		(2.8)
5.0		741,239		(5.4)		723,600		(5.7)
7.5		758,888		(8.1)		740,829		(8.5)
10.0		776,536		(10.9)		758,057		(11.3)

(1)	Net of income tax effect.

Non-GAAP Information

We prepare our consolidated financial statements on the basis of GAAP. Our insurance subsidiaries also prepare financial statements based on statutory accounting principles state insurance regulators prescribe or permit (“SAP”). SAP financial measures are considered non-GAAP financial measures under applicable SEC rules because the SAP financial measures include or exclude certain items that the most comparable GAAP financial measures do not ordinarily include or exclude. Our calculation of non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures other companies use, so investors should exercise caution when comparing our non-GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures other companies use.

Because our insurance subsidiaries do not prepare GAAP financial statements, we evaluate the performance of our personal lines and commercial lines segments utilizing SAP financial measures that reflect the growth trends and underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries. The SAP financial measures we utilize are net premiums written and statutory combined ratio.

Net Premiums Written

We define net premiums written as the amount of full-term premiums our insurance subsidiaries record for policies effective within a given period less premiums our insurance subsidiaries cede to reinsurers. Net premiums earned is the most comparable GAAP financial measure to net premiums written. Net premiums earned represent the sum of the amount of net premiums written and the change in net unearned premiums during a given period. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as revenue over the terms of their policies, which are one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding 12-month period compared to the comparable period one year earlier.

Index

The following table provides a reconciliation of our net premiums earned to our net premiums written for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			2024		2023
	(in thousands)
Net premiums earned	$	237,957		$	224,393		$	700,017	$	655,886
Change in net unearned premiums		(5,749	)		(5,207	)		30,822		27,117
Net premiums written	$	232,208		$	219,186		$	730,839	$	683,003

Statutory Combined Ratio

The combined ratio is a standard measurement of underwriting profitability for an insurance company. The combined ratio does not reflect investment income, net investment gains or losses, federal income taxes or other non-operating income or expense. A combined ratio of less than 100% generally indicates underwriting profitability.

The statutory combined ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure that is based upon amounts determined under SAP. We calculate our statutory combined ratio as the sum of:

•

the statutory loss ratio, which is the ratio of calendar-year net incurred losses and loss expenses to net premiums earned;

•

the statutory expense ratio, which is the ratio of expenses incurred for net commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to net premiums written; and

•

the statutory dividend ratio, which is the ratio of dividends to holders of workers’ compensation policies to net premiums earned.

The calculation of our statutory combined ratio differs from the calculation of our GAAP combined ratio. In calculating our GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on net premiums earned instead of net premiums written. Differences between our GAAP loss ratio and our statutory loss ratio result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for our GAAP loss ratio but not for our statutory loss ratio.

Index

Combined Ratios

The following table presents comparative details with respect to our GAAP and statutory combined ratios for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2024			2023			2024			2023
GAAP Combined Ratios (Total Lines)
Loss ratio - core losses		50.1	%		56.7	%		54.5	%		56.0	%
Loss ratio - weather-related losses		10.3			11.5			8.6			9.1
Loss ratio - large fire losses		3.7			4.9			5.2			5.3
Loss ratio - net prior-year reserve development		(2.6	)		(3.3	)		(2.2	)		(2.4	)
Loss ratio		61.5			69.8			66.1			68.0
Expense ratio		34.5			34.1			34.0			34.9
Dividend ratio		0.4			0.6			0.5			0.6
Combined ratio		96.4	%		104.5	%		100.6	%		103.5	%

Statutory Combined Ratios
Commercial lines:
Automobile		101.5	%		86.5	%		98.2	%		94.8	%
Workers’ compensation		84.7			97.7			104.1			93.1
Commercial multi-peril		88.4			114.8			100.4			113.8
Other		59.4			76.2			78.4			82.7
Total commercial lines		89.8			97.5			98.6			100.2
Personal lines:
Automobile		97.8			109.8			97.8			106.1
Homeowners		116.8			128.9			107.5			111.2
Other		102.2			46.4			97.2			81.3
Total personal lines		104.7			119.4			101.2			107.2
Total commercial and personal lines		96.0			105.2			99.7			102.9

Index

Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the third quarter of 2024 were $238.0 million, an increase of $13.6 million, or 6.0%, compared to $224.4 million for the third quarter of 2023, primarily reflecting solid premium retention and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the third quarter of 2024 were $232.2 million, an increase of $13.0 million, or 5.9%, from the $219.2 million of net premiums written for the third quarter of 2023. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $7.6 million, or 6.4%, for the third quarter of 2024 compared to the third quarter of 2023. Personal lines net premiums written increased $5.4 million, or 5.4%, for the third quarter of 2024 compared to the third quarter of 2023. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to new business writings, strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation, offset partially by planned attrition in states in which we are executing ongoing profit improvement initiatives as part of our state-specific strategies. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention, offset partially by planned attrition due to non-renewal actions.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $10.8 million for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $290,503, or 2.8%, compared to $10.5 million for the third quarter of 2023. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield relative to the third quarter of 2023.

Net Investment Gains (Losses). Net investment gains for the third quarter of 2024 were $1.9 million, compared to net investment losses of $1.2 million for the third quarter of 2023. The net investment gains (losses) for the third quarter of 2024 and 2023 resulted primarily from the net change in unrealized gains and losses within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the third quarter of 2024 or 2023.

Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 61.5% for the third quarter of 2024, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 69.8% for the third quarter of 2023. We attribute this decrease primarily to decreased core losses, offset partially by decreased favorable loss reserve development. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net favorable development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 50.1% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 56.7% for the third quarter of 2023. For the commercial lines segment, the core loss ratio of 48.5% for the third quarter of 2024 decreased from 53.7% for the third quarter of 2023. For the personal lines segment, the core loss ratio of 52.5% for the third quarter of 2024 decreased from 61.8% for the third quarter of 2023. Weather-related losses were $24.4 million, or 10.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2024, compared to $25.7 million, or 11.5 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2023. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2024 was higher than our previous five-year average of 9.4 percentage points for third quarter weather-related losses. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, for the third quarter of 2024 were $8.8 million, or 3.7 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $11.0 million, or 4.9 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the third quarter of 2023. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 52.5% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 60.9% for the third quarter of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the commercial multi-peril loss ratio. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 74.5% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 86.8% for the third quarter of 2023. We attribute this decrease primarily to a decrease in the personal automobile and homeowners loss ratios. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development for the third quarter of 2024 of $6.2 million that decreased the loss ratio by 2.6 percentage points, compared to favorable loss reserve development for the third quarter of 2023 of approximately $7.3 million that decreased the loss ratio by 3.3 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the commercial multi-peril and other commercial lines of business for the third quarter of 2024.

Index

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 34.5% for the third quarter of 2024, compared to 34.1% for the third quarter of 2023. We attribute the modest increase to higher technology costs related to our ongoing systems modernization initiatives and an increase in underwriting-based incentive costs for the third quarter of 2024 compared to the prior-year quarter. These increases were offset partially by impacts of various expense reduction initiatives, including agency incentive program revisions, commission schedule adjustments, targeted staffing reductions, and deferred replacement of open employment positions, among others. We expect the impact from allocated costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries related to the ongoing systems modernization project will peak at approximately 1.3 percentage points of the expense ratio for the full year of 2024 before beginning to subside gradually in subsequent years.

Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 96.4% and 104.5% for the third quarter of 2024 and 2023, respectively. We attribute the decrease in the combined ratio primarily to a decrease in the loss ratio for the third quarter of 2024 compared to the third quarter of 2023.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit). We recorded income tax expense of $3.7 million for the third quarter of 2024, representing an effective tax rate of 17.9%. We recorded an income tax benefit of $199,613 for the third quarter of 2023. The income tax expense (benefit) for the third quarter of 2024 and 2023 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Net Income (Loss) and Net Income (Loss) Per Share. Our net income for the third quarter of 2024 was $16.8 million, or $.51 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.46 per share of Class B common stock, compared to a net loss of $805,301, or $.02 per share of Class A common stock and $.02 per share of Class B common stock, for the third quarter of 2023. We had 28.2 million and 27.6 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023

Net Premiums Earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned for the first nine months of 2024 were $700.0 million, an increase of $44.1 million, or 6.7%, compared to $655.9 million for the first nine months of 2023, primarily reflecting solid premium retention and renewal premium increases.

Net Premiums Written. Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums written for the first nine months of 2024 were $730.8 million, an increase of $47.8 million, or 7.0%, from the $683.0 million of net premiums written for the first nine months of 2023. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $16.1 million, or 4.0%, for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the first nine months of 2023. Personal lines net premiums written increased $31.7 million, or 11.5%, for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the first nine months of 2023. We attribute the increase in commercial lines net premiums written primarily to new business writings, strong premium retention and a continuation of renewal premium increases in lines other than workers’ compensation, offset partially by planned attrition in states we exited or have targeted for profit improvement. We attribute the increase in personal lines net premiums written primarily to renewal premium increases and strong policy retention.

Investment Income. Our net investment income was $32.9 million for the first nine months of 2024, an increase of $2.7 million, or 9.0%, compared to $30.1 million for the first nine months of 2023. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in the average investment yield relative to the first nine months of 2023.

Net Investment Gains. Net investment gains for the first nine months of 2024 were $4.7 million, compared to $930,302 for the first nine months of 2023. The net investment gains for the first nine months of 2024 and 2023 resulted primarily from the net change in unrealized gains and losses within our equity securities portfolio at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We did not recognize any impairment losses for individual securities in our investment portfolio during the first nine months of 2024 or 2023.

Index

Losses and Loss Expenses. Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 66.1% for the first nine months of 2024, a decrease from our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio of 68.0% for the first nine months of 2023. We attribute this decrease primarily to lower core and weather-related losses. The core loss ratio, which excludes weather-related losses, large fire losses and net favorable development of reserves for losses incurred in prior accident years, was 54.5% for the first nine months of 2024, compared to 56.0% for the first nine months of 2023. For the commercial lines segment, the core loss ratio of 54.1% for the first nine months of 2024 decreased from 55.2% for the first nine months of 2023. For the personal lines segment, the core loss ratio of 55.2% for the first nine months of 2024 decreased from 57.3% for the first nine months of 2023. Weather-related losses were $60.0 million, or 8.6 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2024, compared to $59.5 million, or 9.1 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2023. The impact of weather-related loss activity to the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2024 was modestly higher than our previous five-year average of 7.6 percentage points for first nine months weather-related losses. Large fire losses, which we define as individual fire losses in excess of $50,000, for the first nine months of 2024 were $36.2 million, or 5.2 percentage points of the loss ratio, compared to $34.7 million, or 5.3 percentage points of the loss ratio, for the first nine months of 2023. On a statutory basis, our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio was 63.0% for the first nine months of 2024, compared to 63.9% for the first nine months of 2023, primarily due to a decrease in the commercial multi-peril loss ratio. The personal lines statutory loss ratio of our insurance subsidiaries decreased to 71.5% for the first nine months of 2024, compared to 75.2% for the first nine months of 2023. We attribute this decrease primarily to a decrease in the personal automobile loss ratio. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable loss reserve development for the first nine months of 2024 of approximately $15.4 million that decreased the loss ratio by 2.2 percentage points, compared to $15.8 million that decreased the loss ratio for the first nine months of 2023 by 2.4 percentage points. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced favorable development primarily in the commercial multi-peril, commercial automobile, personal automobile and other lines of business for the first nine months of 2024, offset partially by unfavorable development in the workers’ compensation line of business that we attribute to higher-than-expected severity for a relatively small number of previously reported claims.

Underwriting Expenses. The expense ratio for an insurance company is the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned. The expense ratio of our insurance subsidiaries was 34.0% for the first nine months of 2024, compared to 34.9% for the first nine months of 2023. The decrease in the expense ratio primarily reflected impacts of expense reduction initiatives, including agency incentive program revisions, commission schedule adjustments, targeted staffing reductions, and deferred replacement of open employment positions, among others, offset partially by higher technology costs related to our ongoing systems modernization initiatives for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the first nine months of 2023. We expect the impact from allocated costs from Donegal Mutual to our insurance subsidiaries related to the ongoing systems modernization project will peak at approximately 1.3 percentage points of the expense ratio for the full year of 2024 before beginning to subside gradually in subsequent years.

Combined Ratio. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of policyholder dividends incurred to premiums earned. Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratios were 100.6% and 103.5% for the first nine months of 2024 and 2023, respectively. We attribute the decrease in the combined ratio primarily to a decrease in the loss and expense ratios for the first nine months of 2024 compared to the first nine months of 2023.

Income Tax Expense. We recorded income tax expense of $5.8 million for the first nine months of 2024, representing an effective tax rate of 17.8%. We recorded income tax expense of $1.1 million for the first nine months of 2023, representing an effective tax rate of 15.2%. The income tax expense for the first nine months of 2024 and 2023 represented estimates based on our projected annual taxable income and effective tax rates.

Net Income and Net Income Per Share. Our net income for the first nine months of 2024 was $26.9 million, or $.81 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.74 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $6.4 million, or $.20 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.17 per share of Class B common stock, for the first nine months of 2023. We had 28.2 million and 27.6 million Class A shares outstanding at September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding at the end of both periods.

Index

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as such obligations and needs arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows we generate from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and investment maturities.

Our operations have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow to fund our commitments and add to our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns and enhancing our liquidity. The impact of the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States has historically been cash-flow positive because of the consistent underwriting profitability of the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States settle their respective obligations to each other under the pool monthly, thereby resulting in cash flows substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from each company writing the business directly. We have not experienced any unusual variations in the timing of claim payments associated with the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries. We maintain significant liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of readily marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach, so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective, thereby providing an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Our operating activities provided net cash flows in the first nine months of 2024 and 2023 of $39.2 million and $26.0 million, respectively.

At September 30, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under our line of credit with M&T and had the ability to borrow up to $20.0 million at an interest rate equal to the then-current Term SOFR rate plus 2.11%. At September 30, 2024, Atlantic States had a $35.0 million outstanding advance with the FHLB of Pittsburgh that carries a fixed interest rate of 3.81%.

We estimate the timing of claim payments associated with the liabilities for losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We show these liabilities net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such liabilities. Amounts Atlantic States assumes pursuant to the pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross liabilities for losses and loss expenses, and amounts Atlantic States cedes pursuant to the pooling agreement represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlement of Atlantic States’ assumed liabilities from the pool in monthly settlements of pooled activity, as we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Although Donegal Mutual and we do not anticipate any changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments by Atlantic States for its percentage share of pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

We discuss in Note 7 – Borrowings our estimate of the timing of the amounts payable for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of applicable rules of the SEC and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during the nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through September 30, 2024.

Index

On October 17, 2024, our board of directors declared quarterly cash dividends of $.1725 per share of our Class A common stock and $.155 per share of our Class B common stock, payable on November 15, 2024 to our stockholders of record as of the close of business on November 1, 2024. We are not subject to any restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are state law restrictions on the payment of dividends by our insurance subsidiaries to us. Dividends from our insurance subsidiaries are our principal source of cash for payment of dividends to our stockholders. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk based capital (“RBC”) requirements that limit their ability to pay dividends to us. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2023 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Our insurance subsidiaries paid $10.0 million in dividends to us during the first nine months of 2024. Amounts remaining available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities in 2024 are $22.4 million from Atlantic States and $7.2 million from MICO, or a total of approximately $29.6 million.

At September 30, 2024, we had no material commitments for capital expenditures.

Equity Price Risk

Our portfolio of marketable equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to the risk of loss resulting from an adverse change in prices. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of equity securities.

Credit Risk

Our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, our portfolio of short-term investments is subject to credit risk, which we define as the potential loss in market value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt. We manage this risk by having our investment personnel perform an analysis of prospective investments and regular reviews of our portfolio of fixed-maturity securities. We also limit the percentage and amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in the securities of any one issuer.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and casualty insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies. We bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although we bill a portion of our commercial business through licensed insurance agents to whom our insurance subsidiaries extend credit in the normal course of business.

Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business it cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.

Item 3.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our market risk generally represents the risk of gain or loss that may result from the potential change in the fair value of the securities we hold in our investment portfolio as a result of fluctuations in prices and interest rates and, to a lesser extent, our debt obligations. We manage our interest rate risk by maintaining an appropriate relationship between the average duration of our investment portfolio and the approximate duration of our liabilities, i.e., policy claims of our insurance subsidiaries and our debt obligations.

There have been no material changes to our quantitative or qualitative market risk exposure from December 31, 2023 through September 30, 2024.

Index

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act). Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at September 30, 2024, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and our disclosure controls and procedures were also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to affect materially, our internal control over financial reporting.

Safe Harbor Statement Under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995

We base all statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historic facts on our current expectations. Such statements are forward-looking in nature (as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) and necessarily involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements we make may be identified by our use of words such as “will,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “seek,” “estimate” and similar expressions. Our actual results could vary materially from our forward-looking statements. The factors that could cause our actual results to vary materially from the forward-looking statements we have previously made include, but are not limited to, adverse litigation and other trends that could increase our loss costs (including social inflation, labor shortages and escalating medical, automobile and property repair costs), adverse and catastrophic weather events (including from changing climate conditions), our ability to maintain profitable operations (including our ability to underwrite risks effectively and charge adequate premium rates), the adequacy of the loss and loss expense reserves of our insurance subsidiaries, the availability and successful operation of the information technology systems our insurance subsidiaries utilize, the successful development of new information technology systems to allow our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, business and economic conditions in the areas in which we and our insurance subsidiaries operate, interest rates, competition from various insurance and other financial businesses, terrorism, the availability and cost of reinsurance, legal and judicial developments (including those related to COVID-19 business interruption coverage exclusions), changes in regulatory requirements, our ability to attract and retain independent insurance agents, changes in our A.M. Best rating and the other risks that we describe from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. We disclaim any obligation to update such statements or to announce publicly the results of any revisions that we may make to any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

Index

Part II. Other Information

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings.

None.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors.

Our business, results of operations and financial condition, and, therefore, the value of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, are subject to a number of risks. For a description of certain risks, we refer to “Risk Factors” in our 2023 Annual Report on Form 10-K that we filed with the SEC on March 6, 2024. There have been no material changes in the risk factors we disclosed in that Form 10-K Report during the nine months ended September 30, 2024.

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Period	(a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased	(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)	(c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	(d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
Month #1 July 1-31, 2024	Class A – 19,024 Class B – None	Class A – $14.97 Class B – None	Class A – 19,024 Class B – None	(1)

Month #2 August 1-31, 2024	Class A – 146,605 Class B – None	Class A – $14.63 Class B – None	Class A – 146,605 Class B – None	(1)

Month #3 September 1-30, 2024	Class A – 91,215 Class B – None	Class A – $15.23 Class B – None	Class A – 91,215 Class B – None	(1)

Total	Class A – 256,844 Class B – None	Class A – $14.87 Class B – None	Class A – 256,844 Class B – None

(1)

Donegal Mutual purchased these shares pursuant to its announcement on April 29, 2022 that it will, at its discretion, purchase shares of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock at market prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. Such announcement did not stipulate a maximum number of shares that may be purchased under this program.

Item 3.

Defaults upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosure.

Not Applicable.

Item 5.

Other Information.

None.

Index

Item 6.

Exhibits.

Exhibit No.	Description	Reference


Other Exhibits

10.1	Donegal Group Inc. 2024 Agency Stock Purchase Plan.	(a)

31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer.	Filed herewith

31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer.	Filed herewith

32.1	Statement of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code.	Filed herewith

32.2	Statement of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 of Title 18 of the United States Code.	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)	Filed herewith

(a)

We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form S-3 Registration Statement filed on August 30, 2024.

Index

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	DONEGAL GROUP INC.

November 6, 2024	By:	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

November 6, 2024	By:	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President
		and Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Kevin G. Burke, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 of Donegal Group Inc.;

2. Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3. Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4. The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

(a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

(d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and

5. The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 6, 2024	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Jeffrey D. Miller, certify that:

1. I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024 of Donegal Group Inc.;

(b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date:	November 6, 2024	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
		Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION OF

PRESIDENT AND CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Donegal Group Inc. (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Kevin G. Burke, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, does hereby certify, pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350), that to his knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 6, 2024	/s/ Kevin G. Burke
	Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

EXHIBIT 32.2

CERTIFICATION OF

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER

PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Annual Report of Donegal Group Inc. (the “Company”), on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2024, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Report”), Jeffrey D. Miller, the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, does hereby certify, pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (18 U.S.C. § 1350), that to his knowledge:

1. The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

2. The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

Date: November 6, 2024	/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller
	Jeffrey D. Miller, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer